What is counselling and what are counselling skills, how do they relate to other approaches to helping Free Essay Example, 2000 words

This approach has a worldwide impact within and outside the domain of psychology, especially in the areas of humanistic psychoanalysis (Humanistic Approach, n.d). Cognitive counseling emphasizes on supervising and influencing one’s thinking patterns. It focuses on minimizing negative thinking, changing the essence of thoughts so that it brings about more positive emotions. Behavioral counseling intends to say about the encouraging actions that an individual will take for getting rewards (an appraisal can be a reward for hard work) and the actions that an individual wont take because of unpleasant outcomes ( fear of getting arrested can prevent a person from stealing or murdering) (Fisher, 2004). Psychodynamic therapy helps the clients to understand the main reason of their problems. It also provides them knowledge and suggestions to endow them to cope with further problems. During 1940s Sigmund Freud has developed this therapy. According to his belief, our emotions, thoughts and behaviour arises from the unpleasant thoughts from our childhood that we permit to control our present thinking. These composed thoughts and feelings after all exhibits as depression, fears and clashes. The therapy centers on relationships and is mechanized by our interactions with family and near and dear ones. We will write a custom essay sample on What is counselling and what are counselling skills, how do they relate to other approaches to helping or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Psychodynamic therapy is applied by comprehending and approving the most sensitive issues that emerge in a client’s childhood and his experiences will have some kind of subconscious effect on the person. By the help of supportive counseling a client will be able to recognize his subconscious thoughts and how these thoughts have influenced his behaviour. This is done by penetrating into the mind of a client. Depression, anxiety and anger can be cured by using some form of psychodynamic approach. This kind of counseling depends on the mutual understanding between a counselor and client in order to develop positive strategies which a client can apply to make changes (Psychodynamic Approaches to Counseling, n.d). Ethics for Counseling and Psychotherapy is applicable to counseling research, the application of counseling skills and the management of these services within organizations. The practice of each member of the British Association for Coun seling and Psychotherapy has to be informed (BACP: ethical framework, n.d. ). The largest professional organization for counseling and psychotherapy in UK is BACP. The basic values of counselling and psychotherapy include a commitment to respecting human rights, establishing the honor of practitioner-client affiliation, increasing the quality and use of professional knowledge, lessening personal distress, enhancing personal effectiveness, acknowledging the diversity of human experience and competing for sufficient provision of counselling and psychotherapy services.

International Region And Its Impact On Foreign Policy Essay

Regionalization Introduction An international region can be defined as a number of states linked by a geographic relationship and by a degree of interdependence. The activities of the neighboring states have a significant impact on determining foreign policy. Regionalization is helping reshape the world in a profound way since many countries today are seeking stronger economic ties with their regional neighbors. Regional subsystems are characterized by clusters of states coexisting in geographical closeness as interrelated units that sustain significant security, economic, and political relations. Regionalization can be conceived as the growth of societal integration within a given region, including the undirected processes of social and economic interaction among the units. Similarly, the term regionalism refers to the proneness of the governments and peoples of two or more states to establish voluntary associations and to pool together resources in order to create common functional and institutional arrangemen ts. Furthermore, regionalism can be best described as a process occurring in a given geographical region by which different types of actors (states, regional institutions, societal organizations and other nonstate actors) come to share certain fundamental values and norms. Regionalization and regionalism find expression in the economic and security domains, including convergent motivations toward both political/security and economic forms of integration. IndiaShow MoreRelatedThe Association of Southeast Asian Nations1836 Words   |  7 Pagesand Vietnam. ASEAN should promote economic and political interests in the region when dealing with other areas of the world. ASEAN also promotes social and cultural development and regional stability. While ASEAN countries have different styles of government, ASEAN also promotes the ideals of the democratic process. Most ASEAN countries have experienced rapid economic progress and represent a very important role in this region. It was formed in 1967 from the five countries as the successor to the AssociationRead MoreFuture of Arab countries relations after revolutions900 Words   |  4 PagesYemen , as well as in Syria mounts to talk about the impact of these revolutions on the Arab political scene in general and the Arab relations - Arab , Will lead variables internal politics which will be witnessed by those countries to reforms in other states and whether led to change in the structure of th e Arab political scene in general. key words: This study seeks to explore the impact of these revolutions on the directions of its foreign , and the framework of inter-relationships between theRead MoreForeign Direct Investment ( Fdi )890 Words   |  4 Pagesd) Foreign direct investment (FDI) As shown in the Figure 1, the UAE has jumped to the 11th position in 2014 against the 13th in 2013 and the 15th in 2012. The United Arab Emirates reported a $9.6 billion inflow of FDI in 2012, up from $7.7 billion the year before. 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Slave Hollers Free Essays

Roger Longfell Professor Lederdeck MUS 201 2/20/13 Slave Hollers Field Hollers were first developed in the cotton and rice fields of the American slavery era. They were desired for their familiarity with rice cultivation. It was founded in South Carolina’s Waccamaw plantation district during the eighteenth century. We will write a custom essay sample on Slave Hollers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Low Country slaves cleared plantation land similar to their home country of Africa. In an attempt to meet the overseer’s rigorous demands, slaves continued efficient African practices of harvesting when they came to America. Field Hollers emerged from what the African’s previously used to fuel productivity. Most importantly Field Hollers enforce cooperative work and help numb the mental pain of their bondage. Slaves sang group work songs that we call Field Hollers today. Similar to  spirituals, field hollers followed a model of call and response. It began with one of the more respected field hands leading the workers in a song. The others responded in sync with the rhythmic tone of the call. The task at hand determined the tempo of the song and the pace in which they worked. Most commonly, slaves born in Africa sung songs that remind them of their homeland. American born slaves were considered African-American because of their African roots. African-American sung about the hardships of enslavement mainly because many were born and raised in enslavement. This theme can now be seen in the lyrics of blues songs, a form that developed at the turn of the 20th Century. Blues incorporated both the rhythmic patterns of field hollers and their subject matter to form its unique sound How to cite Slave Hollers, Essay examples

Fluctuation of AUD Value of Australian Dollar

Question: Describe about the Fluctuation of AUD for Value of Australian Dollar. Answer: The Main Issues Discussed in the Article The article describes the Australian dollar value in comparison to exchange market. The countrys currency has been in a lag for almost four months since 2015. Instead of raising the dollar value keeps depreciating with U.S. dollar. The concerned players in the market are worried about AUD trend in the market. Stronger U.S. dollar has a decreasing effect on Australian currency (Mahajan, 2013)). The value of the countrys dollar depreciates, this leads to a decrease in the prices of important commodities in the country. Key products cannot compete in the global market due to reduced exchange rate for Australian Dollar over U.S currency. The RBA is not able to rectify the trend because the market is in adjustment process due to long term experienced a decrease in prices. The intervention of RBA will only worsen the situation. Because U.S dollar keeps on strengthening in its value, the exchange rate of Australian currency is expected to reduce even to below US 70. This is due to high US interest rates that weaken commodity prices in Australia thus increases risks level in Australia. The Determination of AUD Using Demand and Supply Model of Exchange Rate AUD is determined in the market using Demand and Supply model of exchange rate when Australian currency represent a price on the vertical axis while US dollar is on the horizontal axis. The forces of demand and supply in the market determines the level of currencys demand and supply. When demand for US dollar increases, its value increases too. Thus affects Australia dollar negatively. This represents appreciation of US dollar, hence, a decrease in the value of AUD. However, when US dollars demand decreases, its value depreciates, and prices of Australian products increases thus increase in the value of AUD. The market forces play a significant role apart from the intervention of monetary policy by Reserve Bank. Market struggles through value determination to determine a point at which an equilibrium can be attained. In the process of reaching equilibrium level, various points are determined. At the points, the currency of AUD is either low or high (Cox, 2010). A lower currency illustrates a weaker value and higher represents higher money value. All the behavior of AUD is mostly affected by Central Bank of USA response. Monetary action by US market will hamper the need to stabilize at market forces. Therefore the determination point is attained depending on the rising or falling of the value of US dollar in the market. AUD will have a higher value if the US dollar decreases. Factors Influencing AUD Fluctuation Inflation Rate Inflation in the USA may be lower compared to inflation in Australia. Thus US dollar becomes more competitive than AUD (Bedeian, 2002)). This increases demand for US dollar compared to AUD. The value of US dollar appreciates while the value of AUD depreciates. Interest Rates If the interest rate of USA is higher than Australian interest rate, it lures more investors to invest their money in USA economy. Saving in USA banks increases the demand for US dollar thus increase in its value. Speculation If there is speculation that AUD will rise shortly, more people will demand it. This leads to value appreciation. Relative Strength of AUD If the power of AUD is relatively high than US dollar it will gain more demand and as well appreciates in value. Otherwise, it will depreciate due to demand decrease. Unstable Competitiveness In case commodities from the USA gained more attraction compared to Australian goods there will be an increase in exchange rate. Xchange in exchange rate appreciates US dollar thus depreciates AUD. The AUD has been having unpredicted trend for the past three years of comparison. It keeps on fluctuating about US dollar. As US dollar maintains its stability, AUD of Australia fails to attain the strength over US Dollar thus its trend in the market is a fluctuating style. AUD is depreciating more often due to appreciation in value of US dollar. The appreciation weakens the AUD stability in the market by becoming weak in the exchange rate (Downes, Hanslow, Tulip, 2014). As US dollar increases, AUD decreases. However, it has a point at which it neither hits most high or least low. US dollar is stable, it improves prices of its products and services, and creates more pressure on AUD. Therefore, it becomes weaker in the exchange market by showing a weaker exchange rate. Apart from the discussed situations, the following factors affects the trend observed with AUD; The Global Financial Crisis The world financial crisis that affects US dollar had an effect on AUD. US dollar being a trade currency for Australia, get influenced by fluctuations of US dollar. Thus made AUD also to fluctuate. Terms of Trade Terms of trade are achieved due to the difference in prices of imports and exports. The countrys expenditure on imports sometimes higher than the exports earning, thus creating a low balance of trade to the country hence weakening AUD (Svensson Abassi, 2009). When the country earns more from exports tan expenditure on imports, its balance of trade is high thus strengthening its currency. Failure to achieving constant balance on net revenue of trade leads to fluctuations in AUD. Level of Public Debt by the Government also Contributes To the Trend If the country spends much budget deficit on its budget to stimulate the public local economy, it scares investors from foreign countries. This is possible because a country suffers from inflation caused by huge debts used to stimulate the local economy. Inflation scares economy by lowering the currency value in the international market. Problem of Current Account Deficit When a country decides to spend more on imports than earnings from exports, it operates on deficit thus borrows from financiers to sustain economy thus fluctuating currency by lowering its value. Interest Rates The interest rate is a countrys monetary policy implemented by Australian Central Bank. Reduced interest rates lower the currency value due to scared investors who fails t invest in the country. However, increased interest rates increase currency value. Such pattern fluctuates AUD. Projection on the Behavior of AUD by End 2016 I do not think AUD will fall to US 65C by end 2016. The current market situation as illustrated is not an intervention by US Central Bank or Australia Reserve Bank, but it is simply a market adjustment. Through natural processes of demand and supply forces for market change, expansionary and contractionary reactions happen to determine the market stability level for US dollar and AUD (Nakakubo Okada, 2001). The adjustments shift the stability of a weaker currency depending on the market trends and exchange rates. After attaining normal market status, each currency attains its normal market value. Therefore, in the course of the year, through market processes, AUD will attain its stability, though not much but not around US 65C. Intervention of Reserve Bank to Raise Exchange Rate to 70C Reserve bank can intervene in the market to increase the countrys currency value by using different mechanisms. The Reserve Bank can intervene by buying local currency. Meaning it bought AUD and sold US dollar. Purchasing AUD reduces the amount of money in circulation thus its demand rises (Browning, 2007). The rise in demand of AUD will negate the value of US dollar in the exchange market. This is due to increase in US dollars in circulation. The increase in US dollar is caused by a sale of US dollar by Reserve Bank. Thus the value of US dollar in the market is diluted. AUD Gains Its Value to Achieve Exchange Rate Level of 70C The side effect of the intervention is on the countrys exports. The increase in the AUD value is positively correlated with an increase in prices of products. Therefore, prices of exports will shoot in the foreign markets. It will also lead to increase in demand of AUD in the domestic market thus discouraging investors. Such behavior causes the unequal balance of trade and trade deficits. The increase in prices discourages international consumers to consume the countrys products. Instead, they will switch to other nations exports for similar products at lower prices. The action will be active. AUD will gain its strength, improve its value and weigh at least higher as opposed to before (Bacchetto, 2000). However, the stability will not last for an extended period. The intervention will only operate at a short run then without natural market adjustments, after a shorter period AUD value will begin declining again. References Bacchetto, M., (2000). Predicting Short Term Currency Fluctuations Case study: the AUD. Change, 28, pp.0-0043. Browning, E.S., (2007). Reading market tea leaves. The Wall Street Journal Europe, pp.17-18. Nakakubo, F., Okada, A. (2001). A New Framework for Currency StrategyThe Fusion of Fundamental Analysis and Financial Engineering. NLI Research Institute. Nakakubo, F., Okada, A. (2001). A New Framework for Currency StrategyThe Fusion of Fundamental Analysis and Financial Engineering. NLI Research Institute. Svensson, M., Al Abassi, Z. (2009). Vd-ersttning: en empirisk studie av 43 brsnoterade fretags bonusutdelningar. Seidler, M., Grip, O. (2007). Valutaskring inom medicintekniska fretag. Tepu, M. M. (2007). Analiza modela financiranja dugoro?nih kredita posredstvom trÃ… ¾ita kapitala u Hrvatskoj. Ekonomski pregled, 58(7-8), 465-488. Downes, P., Hanslow, K., Tulip, P. (2014). The effect of the mining boom on the Australian economy. Reserve Bank of Australia. Bedeian, A. G. Caveat Emptor,(2002), The Gourman Report. The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist, June. Mahajan-Bansal, N. (2013). Does the World Need another B-School Ranking?. Poets and Quants. Cox, S. M. U. (2010). Part Time MBA ProgramsSide By Side Comparison. SMU Cox School of Business, 19.